前文已详细阐释了国际工程保函的适用法律、核心国际惯例及二者的适用规则，也明确了保函全生命周期各阶段的核心管理要点，厘清了实操各环节的操作规范与防控重点。但跨境工程场景下，法律体系差异、参与主体多元、跨境环境复杂等多重因素叠加，使得国际工程保函在实操中面临法律、条款、信用、管理与操作、跨境、行业差异化六大维度的核心风险，且各类风险相互传导、叠加，直接影响保函履约效力与各方合法权益。基于此，本部分将立足跨境工程属性与保函全生命周期特点，搭建多维度、系统化的风险防控体系，制定适配跨境场景的争议解决策略与执行保障措施，同时结合典型实操案例提炼实践经验与风险警示，并最终展望行业数智化、监管协同化、个性化多元化的发展趋势，形成 “基础认知 - 规则指引 - 实操管理 - 风险防控 - 未来展望” 的完整实务体系。
The preceding text has elaborated on the applicable laws, core international practices and their application rules for international engineering guarantees, clarified the key management points for each stage of the guarantee's entire life cycle, and defined the operational norms and risk prevention priorities for all practical links. However, in cross-border engineering scenarios, the superposition of multiple factors such as disparities in legal systems, a diverse range of participants and complex cross-border environments exposes international engineering guarantees to six core dimensions of risks in practice—legal, contractual clause, credit, management and operational, cross-border and industry-specific risks. These risks are intertransmissible and cumulative, directly impairing the performance validity of guarantees and the legitimate rights and interests of all parties involved. Based on this, this section will build a multi-dimensional and systematic risk prevention and control system and formulate dispute resolution strategies and enforcement safeguards adapted to cross-border scenarios, in light of the attributes of cross-border engineering and the characteristics of the guarantee's entire life cycle. It will also summarize practical experience and risk warnings by drawing on typical case studies in practice, and finally forecast the industry's development trends toward digital intelligence, regulatory coordination, and personalized diversification, thus forming a complete practical system featuring "basic cognition - rule guidance - practical management - risk prevention and control - future outlook".
六、国际工程保函的风险防范与跨境争议解决
国际工程保函的风险防控需立足其跨境属性与全生命周期特点，以前置防控、过程管控、专项应对为核心，从法律、条款、主体、流程、跨境场景等多维度搭建系统化、可落地的防控体系，同时通过争议解决机制的前置约定，实现风险的全链条管控，最大限度降低保函履约风险，保障各方合法权益。
Risk Prevention and Cross‑border Dispute Resolution for International Engineering Guarantees
Risk prevention for international engineering guarantees should be based on cross‑border attributes and the whole life cycle, focusing on pre‑control, process management and specialized response. A systematic and implementable system shall be established from legal, clause, party, procedural and cross‑border dimensions, supported by pre‑agreed dispute resolution mechanisms to achieve full‑chain control and minimize performance risk.
(一)国际工程保函全维度风险防控体系
1. 法律层面：锚定适用规则，化解跨境法律冲突
针对保函签发地、项目所在地、争议解决地的多法域法律冲突风险，核心通过明确规则、提前适配实现防控。一是在保函条款中精准约定适用的国内法与国际惯例，优先选用《见索即付保函统一规则》(URDG 758)等国际通行惯例，同时明确与保函交易联系最紧密的准据法，界定不同法域的规则适用边界。二是项目启动前委托项目所在地专业法律服务机构，调研当地对独立性保函认定、欺诈索赔判定、担保责任范围的司法实践标准，将调研结果融入保函条款与履约操作流程，适配当地司法裁判规则。三是若受益人为项目所在国政府、国有企业等主权主体，在保函中明确约定其放弃司法管辖与执行豁免，并通过当地法律程序完成公证，从法律层面消除追偿障碍;四是全程引入具备跨境工程保函经验的法律服务团队，为保函条款拟定、履约操作、索赔应对提供全流程法律合规审核，确保各环节符合多法域法律规定。
Comprehensive Risk Prevention System
Legal level: anchor applicable rules and resolve cross‑border legal conflicts
Precisely agree on applicable law and international practice, preferably URDG 758, and identify the governing law with the closest connection. Before project launch, engage local legal counsel to survey judicial practice on independent guarantees, fraud and liability. If the beneficiary is a sovereign entity, include an explicit waiver of jurisdiction and enforcement immunity and complete notarization. Retain cross‑border guarantee legal counsel for full‑cycle compliance review.
2. 条款层面：精准拟定条款，从源头规避约定风险
以条款精准化、约定规范化为核心，从源头杜绝因条款疏漏引发的风险。一是对索赔条件、担保金额、担保期限、抗辩权利、赔付流程、失效条款等核心内容进行无歧义表述，明确索赔的证据类型、出具主体、提交标准，以及担保期限的起算、届满、展期条件，避免模糊表述引发的理解分歧。二是坚决拒绝无条件索赔、无限期担保、排除申请人抗辩权利等不利条款，若业主方提出此类要求，通过增加反担保、提高担保费率、合理缩减担保金额等方式转移风险。三是保持保函条款与工程主合同的高度契合，确保保函的工期节点、担保金额、履约要求、索赔触发条件与主合同完全一致，主合同发生变更时，第一时间同步修改保函条款并完成备案与受益人书面确认，避免保函与主合同脱节导致的担保失效。四是在条款中明确赔付环节异常情况的通知机制，约定通知主体、通知方式、响应时限，确保索赔、赔付中的异常情形能够快速传递，为各方止损、抗辩预留时间。
Clause level: precisely draft clauses to avoid agreement risks
Use unambiguous language for conditions for demand, amount, validity period, defense rights, payment and expiry. Reject unconditional demand, unlimited validity and exclusion of defenses. Maintain strict consistency with the main contract and amend promptly upon changes with written confirmation. Establish a clear notification mechanism for exceptions.
3. 主体层面：严格资质审核，搭建信用风险分担机制
围绕申请人、担保人、受益人三方主体，构建资质审核+风险分担的信用防控体系。一是建立多元主体资质审核标准，对申请人核查其资金实力、技术能力、项目履约记录，对受益人调研其信用状况、索赔历史，对担保人重点考量其跨境担保资质、资金赔付能力、项目所在地的认可度，优先选择大型国有银行、国际知名担保机构作为担保人。二是搭建多层级风险分担机制，要求申请人向担保人提供抵押、质押、第三方连带责任保证等反担保措施，大额保函采用多家担保机构共同承保的模式，担保人通过向国际再担保机构购买再担保，实现信用风险的合理分配与转移。三是针对受益人恶意索赔风险，在条款中明确欺诈索赔的认定标准与法律后果，为后续抗辩与止付提供条款依据。
Party level: strict qualification review and credit risk sharing
Review the applicant’s financial and technical strength, the beneficiary’s credit history and the guarantor’s cross‑border capacity, preferring large state‑owned banks and international institutions. Establish a multi‑layer risk sharing system using counter‑guarantees, co‑guarantees and reinsurance. Define fraud standards in clauses.
4. 流程层面：规范全流程操作，建立动态风险预警
依托标准化操作 + 数字化管控，实现保函开立、跟踪、索赔、赔付、失效全流程的风险防控。一是制定《国际工程保函全流程操作规范》，明确保函开立、备案、修改、索赔、赔付、注销各环节的操作标准、责任主体、材料要求，杜绝流程违规引发的风险。二是搭建数字化保函台账管理系统，详细记录保函类型、金额、期限、各方主体、条款要点、索赔节点等核心信息，实行专人负责、双人审核、实时更新，实现保函状态的动态监控，避免台账遗漏、信息错误导致的风险漏判。三是建立材料三重审核机制，对保函开立、备案、索赔、赔付等环节的材料进行真实性、完整性、形式性审核，对存在瑕疵的材料及时要求补正，杜绝因材料问题引发的保函无效、索赔被驳回等后果。四是建立动态风险预警机制，结合工程项目进展，实时排查保函履约风险，对临近担保期限、项目履约异常、跨境环境变化等风险点进行提前预警，并制定针对性应对预案。五是规范书面通知流程，工程主合同变更、索赔触发、赔付进展、保函失效等所有关键信息，均采用邮件、传真、纸质文件等书面形式传递，并留存完整记录，避免因通知延误、无据可查引发的风险。
Procedural level: standardize whole‑process operation and establish dynamic early warning
Formulate operational specifications for issuance, filing, amendment, claim, payment and discharge. Build a digital ledger with dedicated personnel and dual review. Implement triple document verification. Establish a dynamic early warning mechanism for expiry, abnormal performance and environmental changes. Use written notifications with complete records.
5. 跨境层面：跟踪外部环境，针对性应对跨境特有风险
针对汇率波动、跨境监管政策调整、政治地缘等跨境特有风险，通过实时跟踪 + 工具对冲 + 条款约定实现精准防控。一是对冲汇率波动风险，在保函条款中设置汇率波动调整条款，根据结算货币与本币的汇率变化动态调整担保金额，或通过汇率锁定、外汇套期保值等金融工具，规避汇率大幅波动带来的资金损失。二是建立跨境监管政策跟踪机制，安排专人实时关注项目所在国与担保人所在国的跨境担保监管政策变化，及时掌握审批、备案规则调整动向，提前优化保函操作方案，确保符合最新监管要求。三是防控政治地缘风险，项目启动前对项目所在国的政治环境、地缘局势进行全面风险评估，对高风险地区通过购买政治风险保险转移风险，同时在保函条款中约定政治不可抗力的免责条款，明确因政治动荡、政策突变导致合同无法履行时的保函处理方式。四是关注跨境资金流动风险，提前了解项目所在国的外汇管制政策，确保保函赔付资金能够顺利跨境划转，避免资金流动受限导致的赔付违约。
Cross‑border level: track external environment and respond to cross‑border risks
Include exchange rate adjustment clauses or use hedging tools. Establish a regulatory tracking mechanism. Assess political and geopolitical risks and purchase political risk insurance for high‑risk regions, with force majeure provisions. Understand foreign exchange controls to ensure smooth fund transfer.
6. 索赔层面：强化专项应对，防范恶意索赔与异常赔付
针对索赔环节的核心风险，建立快速响应 + 证据固定 + 合法抗辩的专项防控机制。一是建立索赔快速响应小组，由法律、工程、保函管理专业人员组成，在收到受益人索赔通知后，第一时间开展索赔材料审核、项目履约情况核查。二是强化全流程证据固定，在工程项目履约过程中，实时记录工程进度、质量验收、各方沟通记录、现场签证等核心信息，形成完整的证据链，为抗辩恶意索赔、虚假索赔提供事实依据。三是严格按照保函条款与相关法律惯例行使抗辩权利，对不符合索赔条件、证据虚假、存在欺诈索赔情形的，及时向受益人出具抗辩意见，并向法院或仲裁机构申请止付，同时做好相关法律程序的举证与应诉准备。四是规范赔付操作流程，在确认索赔合法有效后，严格按照保函约定的金额、期限、方式进行赔付，赔付后及时向申请人行使追偿权，确保追偿程序的合法合规。
Claim level: strengthen specialized response to prevent malicious claims
Establish a rapid response team. Preserve full evidence chain during performance. Exercise defense rights according to terms and practice, apply for court injunctions against fraudulent claims. Pay only upon valid claims and pursue recourse legally.
(二)跨境争议的前置防控与执行保障
跨境争议的防控核心在于前置约定及落地保障，通过提前明确争议解决方式、管辖地、执行规则，避免争议发生后的被动局面，同时强化裁决或判决的跨境执行保障，实现争议解决的风险防控。
Pre‑control and Enforcement Protection for Cross‑border Disputes
Effective dispute prevention relies on pre‑agreed mechanisms and enforcement safeguards to avoid passivity and ensure cross‑border enforcement.
1. 争议解决方式的前置约定
在保函条款中提前明确争议解决的优先顺序与具体方式，遵循协商调解优先、仲裁为主流、诉讼为兜底的原则。首先是约定协商与调解的前置程序，明确争议发生后各方的协商期限、沟通机制，同时可约定第三方调解机构，推动争议快速化解。其次是优先选择仲裁作为跨境争议的核心解决方式，在条款中明确仲裁机构、仲裁地、仲裁规则，优先选择国际商会仲裁院(ICC)、中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(CIETAC)等具有国际认可度、仲裁裁决可跨境执行的机构，且仲裁地优先选择《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》(《纽约公约》)缔约国。最后是明确诉讼的适用情形与管辖法院，仅在无仲裁协议、仲裁裁决被撤销或不予执行时采用诉讼方式，约定的管辖法院需与保函交易存在实际联系，且兼顾司法环境中立性、跨境执行便利性，同时避免违反项目所在地的专属管辖规定。
Pre‑agreement of dispute resolution methods
Prioritize negotiation and mediation, then arbitration, with litigation as fallback. Select internationally recognized arbitral institutions such as ICC or CIETAC in a New York Convention state. Specify governing courts with real connection and neutrality, avoiding violation of exclusive jurisdiction rules.
2. 跨境执行的前置保障
为确保仲裁裁决或法院判决能够顺利跨境执行，在保函条款拟定与争议解决过程中做好规则适配以及材料准备。首先是确保争议解决约定符合《纽约公约》及相关双边司法协助条约的规定，为仲裁裁决、法院判决的跨境执行奠定规则基础。接着是在争议解决过程中，全程固定完整的证据材料，做好裁决或判决文书的公证、翻译工作，符合执行地国家的材料要求。再者是提前了解执行地国家的司法执行规则，聘请当地专业律师协助办理执行申请，对接当地法院，处理执行过程中的异议、抗辩等问题。最后是在保函履约过程中，提前掌握受益人的财产线索，若发生争议，可及时申请财产保全、查封、冻结等措施，为后续执行提供财产保障。
Pre‑protection for cross‑border enforcement
Ensure compliance with the New York Convention and bilateral judicial assistance treaties. Preserve evidence, and complete notarization and translation. Engage local counsel for enforcement. Identify assets in advance and apply for preservation measures.
七、国际工程保函典型案例分析
(一)中泰铁路跨境保函：“一带一路” 工程担保成功实践
中泰铁路作为高质量共建 “一带一路” 的标志性工程，是联通中国与东南亚的关键跨境基建项目，对区域互联互通与经贸合作具有重要战略意义。项目所在国监管要求严格，业主明确规定保函须由泰国本地银行出具，且需覆盖投标、履约、预付款等全流程环节，对担保方案的合规性、时效性与跨境协同能力提出极高要求。
为适配项目规则与实操需求，金融机构采用 “境内反担保 + 境外转开” 的创新模式，由境内银行向泰国合作银行开立反担保函，再由泰国本地银行直接向业主出具符合当地监管与合同要求的保函。依托线上化、数智化办理流程，银行高效完成多笔大额保函开立，累计规模达数十亿元级别，精准匹配项目各阶段资金与履约保障需求，全程合规顺畅、无延误、无纠纷。
该跨境保函方案有效破解了境外工程 “本地保函强制要求”“跨境信任不足”“流程周期紧张” 等核心痛点，既满足业主与监管方的刚性条件，又为中资企业降低资金占用、提升出海效率。项目顺利推进充分印证，专业、定制化、协同化的国际工程保函服务，是跨境基建落地的重要金融支撑，为同类 “一带一路” 项目提供了可复制、可推广的担保实践经验。[1]
Typical Case Analysis of International Engineering Guarantees
China–Thailand Railway Cross‑border Guarantee: a Successful Belt and Road Practice
As a landmark high‑quality Belt and Road project, the China–Thailand Railway is strategically important for regional connectivity. Strict local regulation required guarantees issued by Thai domestic banks covering tender, performance and advance payment, posing high requirements for compliance, timeliness and cross‑border coordination.
To meet project needs, financial institutions adopted an innovative “onshore counter‑guarantee + offshore reissuance” model. Domestic banks issued counter‑guarantees to Thai cooperating banks, which then issued guarantees to the employer in compliance with local rules. Digitized processes enabled efficient issuance of large‑scale guarantees totaling billions of yuan, matching phased needs without delay or dispute.
This scheme solved core pain points including local guarantee requirements, insufficient cross‑border trust and tight schedules, meeting employer and regulatory demands while reducing capital occupation and improving efficiency for Chinese enterprises. It provides replicable experience for similar Belt and Road projects.
(二)独立保函欺诈认定失当：跨境工程担保风险警示案例
某中资企业在境外工程项目履约过程中，应业主要求通过境内银行开立见索即付独立保函，并由境外银行完成转开，形成多层跨境担保安排。保函采用国际通行的独立担保模式，适用国际惯例及见索即付规则，具有独立性、单据化、不可撤销等特征，一旦触发索赔即面临快速兑付风险。
项目履行中双方产生合同纠纷，受益人据此提出保函索赔。企业以受益人构成保函欺诈为由向法院申请止付，但未能提供充分、直接证据证明受益人存在明知无付款权利仍恶意索赔的情形。最高人民法院在审理中明确，独立保函以独立性为核心原则，欺诈认定标准严格，基础合同争议不当然构成保函欺诈，反担保函亦具有独立效力，最终未支持企业止付请求，企业因此陷入资金与法律双重被动。
本案作为最高人民法院指导性案例，清晰揭示了独立保函在跨境工程中的高风险属性。企业因对保函独立性、欺诈认定标准、跨境法律适用及反担保规则理解不足，前期未严格审核条款、未建立风险预警机制，争议发生后又缺乏有效应对策略，最终导致风险失控。该案为跨境工程保函管理提供重要警示，强调必须强化条款审查、法律适配、全流程管控与争议预案，才能有效防范跨境担保风险。[2]
Improper Recognition of Fraud in Independent Guarantees: a Risk Warning Case
A Chinese enterprise arranged a demand guarantee issued by a domestic bank and reissued overseas for an offshore project, following international independent practice with independence, documentary compliance and irrevocability.
A contract dispute led to a claim. The enterprise applied for an injunction alleging fraud but failed to provide sufficient direct evidence of bad‑faith demand. The Supreme People’s Court clarified that the independence principle is core, fraud is strictly construed, and underlying disputes do not constitute guarantee fraud. The counter‑guarantee was also independent. The injunction was rejected, leaving the enterprise in financial and legal difficulty.
As a guiding case of the Supreme People’s Court, it highlights the high risk of independent guarantees. Insufficient understanding of independence, fraud standards, cross‑border law and counter‑guarantee rules, together with weak pre‑control and response, led to risk outburst. It warns enterprises to strengthen clause review, legal adaptation, whole‑process management and dispute preparedness.
八、国际工程保函的未来发展趋势
(一)数智化发展深度渗透
数智化发展深度渗透是国际工程保函未来发展的核心重点，已逐步重塑保函全流程运营模式。区块链技术的应用实现了保函存证、流转、索赔的去中心化管理，有效提升了保函交易的透明度与防篡改能力，进一步破解了跨境合作中的信任难题。人工智能与大数据技术广泛应用于担保人资质审核、风险预警及索赔审核等环节，大幅提升了管理效率与风险识别的准确性，减少了人工操作误差。全流程数字化平台逐步搭建完善，整合了保函开立、跟踪、修改、失效等全部环节，实现了跨境多方主体的协同管理，简化了操作流程、降低了运营成本，推动国际工程保函向高效化、智能化转型。
Future Development Trends of International Engineering Guarantees
In-depth Digital and Intelligent Development
Digital and intelligent development will reshape the entire operation model. Blockchain enhances transparency, anti‑tampering and trust. AI and big data improve qualification review, risk early warning and claim examination efficiency and accuracy.
Full‑process digital platforms enable cross‑party collaboration, simplifying processes and reducing costs, driving efficient and intelligent transformation.
(二)行业生态与监管发展
国际工程保函行业生态与监管发展将持续向协同化、规范化迈进，不断完善行业发展环境、夯实行业发展根基。在监管层面，跨境监管协同不断深化，各国将进一步加强国际工程保函监管规则的衔接与融合，打破跨境监管壁垒，逐步建立统一的跨境保函监管标准与备案机制，简化跨境保函审批流程、规范各类跨境担保行为，为行业跨境合规发展提供清晰指引。在行业生态层面，行业标准化水平持续提升，保函条款、操作流程、主体资质审核等核心环节的标准将逐步统一，有效减少行业乱象、提升行业规范化运营水平。同时，担保人、申请人、受益人及监管机构的协同联动将不断加强，形成权责清晰、协同高效的良性发展生态，助力国际工程保函行业高质量发展。
Industrial Ecology and Regulatory Development
The industry will move toward coordination and standardization. Cross‑border regulatory cooperation will deepen, unifying rules and filing mechanisms and simplifying approval. Industrial standards for clauses, procedures and qualifications will be unified. Coordination among guarantors, applicants, beneficiaries and regulators will form a sound ecosystem supporting high‑quality development.
(三)个性化与多元化发展
国际工程保函行业将朝着个性化与多元化方向持续发展，不断提升服务适配性与行业活力，适配各类跨境工程的差异化需求。在保函产品创新方面，将紧密结合新能源、基建、工业工程等不同类型跨境工程的独特需求，针对性推出个性化保函产品，打破传统保函产品的同质化局限，精准匹配各类场景的担保需求。在服务模式升级方面，担保人将逐步优化服务体系，提供涵盖审核、开立、跟踪、索赔协助等全流程的一站式跨境保函服务，简化企业办理流程、提升服务效率，同时兼顾不同国家、不同主体的服务偏好，推动保函服务向多元化、精细化转型，更好地支撑跨境工程高质量发展。
Personalized and Diversified Development
The industry will evolve toward personalization and diversification to meet differentiated needs. Innovative products tailored to new energy, infrastructure and industrial engineering will replace homogeneous traditional guarantees. Service models will upgrade to one‑stop full‑cycle services, with refined and diversified support for high‑quality cross‑border projects.
九、总结
本文围绕国际工程保函展开全面梳理，明确其作为跨境工程领域核心信用担保工具的定义、法律属性及履约保障、风险缓释、跨境信任构建三大核心功能，系统阐述了保函按用途、担保责任、开立方式的分类及各类别的核心特点，详解了其适用法律、核心国际惯例及二者的衔接与适用优先级。同时，覆盖保函全生命周期管理要点，从前期准备、中期执行到后期收尾明确各环节核心操作，深入分析了保函面临的信用、条款、跨境、操作等核心风险，提出了多层面风险防范措施及适配跨境场景的争议解决方式，结合典型案例补充实践参考，并围绕数智化主线展望行业未来发展趋势，全面梳理了国际工程保函的核心知识体系，为行业从业者及相关企业提供全面、系统的参考依据。
展望未来，随着跨境工程拓展及“一带一路”推进，国际工程保函行业迎来机遇与挑战。将以数智化为主线，深化技术应用，优化行业生态与监管协同，推动产品和服务向个性化、多元化创新，适配新兴场景需求，发挥信用担保作用，助力跨境工程高质量发展，搭建国际工程合作信任桥梁。
Conclusion
This paper comprehensively reviews international engineering guarantees, clarifying their definition, legal attributes and three core functions: performance security, risk mitigation and cross‑border trust building. It systematically classifies guarantees by purpose, liability and issuance method, explains applicable laws, core international practices and their coordination and priority. It covers whole‑life‑cycle management, identifies core risks, proposes multi‑level prevention measures and cross‑border dispute resolution methods, supplements practical references with typical cases, and forecasts future digital trends. It presents a complete knowledge and practical system for practitioners and enterprises.
Looking ahead, with the expansion of cross‑border projects and the advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative, the international engineering guarantee industry faces both opportunities and challenges. Centered on digitalization, it will deepen technology application, optimize industrial ecology and regulatory coordination, innovate personalized and diversified products, and give full play to the credit guarantee role to support high‑quality cross‑border engineering and build a bridge of trust for international project cooperation.
参考文献
一、中国国内法、司法解释等文件：
[1]《中华人民共和国民法典》(担保编)
[2]最高人民法院《关于审理独立保函纠纷案件若干问题的规定》(法释〔2016〕24号)
[3]最高人民法院指导案例109号：安徽省外经建设(集团)有限公司诉东方置业房地产有限公司保函欺诈纠纷案(2017)最高法民再134号
二、域外法律：
[4]英国《Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977》(1977年不公平合同条款法)
三、国际商事惯例：
[5]国际商会《见索即付保函统一规则》(URDG 758)
[6]国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP 600)
[7]国际商会《合同担保统一规则》(URCG 325)
四、网络资源：
[8]贾云鹏：《一张“转开保函”创新破解中泰铁路融资难题》，载新华丝路，2025年11月17日。
[1] 参见新华丝路：《一张 “转开保函” 创新破解中泰铁路融资难题》，https://www.imsilkroad.com/news/p/800380.html，2025-11-17，最后访问 2026-02-09。
[2] 参见最高人民法院指导案例109号：安徽省外经建设(集团)有限公司诉东方置业房地产有限公司保函欺诈纠纷案，(2017)最高法民再134号。