在全球能源转型与 “双碳” 目标引领下，国际新能源工程呈现规模化、跨区域、技术多元等特征，工程建设模式的科学选择直接关系项目成本、风险与效益;EPC、BOT、IPP 等主流模式在选择适用时各有应考虑的关键因素，需结合项目特性、资金状况、政策环境等因素精准匹配，本文本文旨在重点结合国际新能源工程的核心特征，对主流工程管理模式的适用性进行对比分析，明确各模式的优势、适用场景与局限，进而为实现项目管理目标、加强风险管控以及顺应未来发展趋势提供优化建议。
Against the backdrop of global energy transition and the goals of "Peak Carbon Emissions and Carbon Neutrality", international new energy projects are characterized by large-scale development, cross-regional implementation and diversified technologies. The scientific selection of engineering construction models is directly related to project costs, risks and benefits. The mainstream models such as EPC, BOT and IPP each have key factors to be considered in their application, which need to be accurately matched with project characteristics, financial conditions, policy environments and other factors. Focusing on the core features of international new energy projects, this paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis on the applicability of mainstream project management models, clarify the advantages, applicable scenarios and limitations of each model, and then provide optimization suggestions for achieving project management objectives, strengthening risk control and adapting to future development trends.
一、传统工程承包类模式
这类模式以 “建设实施” 为核心，投资与运营责任多由业主独立承担，承包方聚焦工程落地交付。
1.Traditional Engineering Contracting Modes
Centered on construction and implementation, such modes usually require the owner to independently bear the responsibilities for investment and operation, while the contractor focuses on the practical implementation and delivery of the project.
二、投资运营模式
这类模式以 “投资 + 长期运营” 为核心，主体兼顾资金投入与持续收益，深度绑定项目全生命周期价值。
2. Investment and Operation Modes
Centered on the core concept of investment plus long-term operation, the responsible party undertakes both capital investment and pursuit of sustained returns, and is deeply bound to the value of the project throughout its life cycle.
三、合作开发类模式
这类模式以 “资源互补” 为核心，通过多元主体联合突破资金、技术、区域壁垒，常见于跨区域或复杂环境项目。
3.Cooperative Development Modes
Centered on resource complementarity, such modes break through barriers in capital, technology and regions through the collaboration of multiple parties, and are commonly adopted in cross-regional projects or projects under complex environments.
四、特殊细分模式
这类模式聚焦特定场景需求，融合技术创新与运营模式升级，是行业差异化发展的重要方向。
4. Specialized Niche Modes
Targeting the needs of specific scenarios, these modes combine technological innovation and operational model upgrading, serving as a key direction for the industry’s differentiated development.
五、发展趋势与建议
(一)新能源工程模式的发展趋势
全球新能源工程模式正朝着 “一体化、金融化、碳资产化、合作多元化” 深度演进，核心趋势是从单一 EPC 承包向 “投资 + EPC + 运营 + 碳交易” 全链条模式转型，通过整合投资融资、工程建设、长期运营与碳资产开发实现 “工程收益 + 投资收益 + 碳收益” 三重回报;同时，人民币跨境结算的推广与丝路基金、亚投行等多边金融机构的融资支持形成合力，有效降低跨区域项目的汇率与融资风险，而 CER/VER 碳减排量交易与项目开发运营的深度绑定，进一步将环境效益转化为核心经济收益，此外，中东、非洲等区域的 JV(合资公司)、战略联盟等合作模式持续深化，绿电直供、“新能源 + 配套产业” 一体化等细分模式快速发展，共同构成适配不同场景需求的多元模式生态。
5. Development Trends and Recommendations
5.1、Development Trends of New Energy Engineering Modes
Global new energy engineering modes are undergoing in-depth evolution toward integration, financialization, carbon assetization and diversified cooperation. The core trend is the transformation from a single EPC contracting model to a full-chain model of "Investment+EPC+Operation+Carbon Trading". Through the integration of investment and financing, engineering construction, long-term operation and carbon asset development, triple returns of "engineering returns + investment returns + carbon returns" are realized. Meanwhile, the promotion of cross-border RMB settlement, together with the financing support from multilateral financial institutions such as the Silk Road Fund and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), has created synergies to effectively mitigate exchange rate and financing risks for cross-regional projects. Furthermore, the deep integration of CER/VER carbon emission reduction trading with project development and operation has further transformed environmental benefits into core economic benefits. In addition, cooperative modes such as Joint Ventures (JV) and strategic alliances in regions including the Middle East and Africa continue to be deepened, while niche modes like green power direct supply and the "New Energy + Supporting Industries" integrated model are developing rapidly. Together, they form a diversified model ecosystem that adapts to the needs of different scenarios.
(二)新能源工程模式选择的优化建议
第一，锚定一体化转型趋势，布局全链条能力。项目参与方需主动突破单一环节局限，通过自主培育或战略协作，整合投资融资、工程建设、长期运维、碳资产开发等核心资源，构建 “投资 + EPC + 运营 + 碳交易” 协同能力，提升项目全生命周期综合收益。
第二，善用跨境金融工具，强化资金链保障。针对跨区域项目，优先对接丝路基金、亚投行等多边金融渠道，积极采用人民币跨境结算，优化融资结构与汇率风险对冲机制，降低融资成本与资金波动风险。
第三，提前规划碳资产开发，挖掘环境价值。项目前期即融入碳减排设计，明确 CER/VER 核算标准、备案路径与交易渠道，将碳收益纳入项目整体收益测算，通过合规化运营实现环境效益向经济收益的转化。
第四，结合区域特征适配合作模式。在中东、非洲等本地资源依赖度高的区域，优先采用 JV 或战略联盟模式深化本地化合作;针对标准化项目可保留 EPC、交钥匙等高效模式，长期运营类项目侧重 IPP、BOT 等模式，并灵活嵌入碳交易环节。
第五，建立动态适配机制，应对市场与政策变化。持续跟踪区域产业政策、碳交易规则、电力市场机制变动，动态调整模式设计与运营策略，确保项目全生命周期内契合合规要求与市场趋势，保障收益稳定性。
5.2、Optimization Recommendations for the Selection of New Energy Engineering Modes
First, anchor the trend of integrated transformation and build full-chain capabilities. Project participants should take the initiative to break through the limitations of a single link, integrate core resources including investment and financing, engineering construction, long-term operation and maintenance, and carbon asset development through independent cultivation or strategic collaboration, and build the synergistic capability of "Investment + EPC + Operation + Carbon Trading" to enhance the comprehensive returns of projects throughout their life cycles.
Second, make good use of cross-border financial instruments to strengthen the guarantee of the capital chain. For cross-regional projects, priority should be given to connecting with multilateral financial channels such as the Silk Road Fund and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), actively adopting cross-border RMB settlement, optimizing the financing structure and exchange rate risk hedging mechanism, and reducing financing costs and capital fluctuation risks.
Third, plan carbon asset development in advance to tap into environmental value. Carbon emission reduction design should be integrated into the early stage of projects, with clear CER/VER accounting standards, filing procedures and trading channels. Carbon returns should be included in the overall project return calculation, and the transformation of environmental benefits into economic benefits should be realized through compliant operation.
Fourth, adapt cooperation modes in light of regional characteristics. In regions with high dependence on local resources such as the Middle East and Africa, priority should be given to adopting JV or strategic alliance modes to deepen localized cooperation. For standardized projects, efficient modes such as EPC and turnkey projects can be retained; for long-term operation projects, focus should be placed on modes like IPP and BOT, with carbon trading links flexibly embedded.
Fifth, establish a dynamic adaptation mechanism to respond to market and policy changes. Continuously track changes in regional industrial policies, carbon trading rules and power market mechanisms, dynamically adjust mode design and operation strategies, ensure that projects comply with regulatory requirements and market trends throughout their life cycles, and safeguard the stability of returns.
六、结语
新能源工程模式选择的核心是实现项目目标、主体能力、风险管控与合规要求的动态平衡。项目方需科学研判、灵活选择，通过合理模式设计保障项目高效推进，助力新能源行业高质量发展。
6. Conclusion
In summary, the core of selecting new energy engineering modes is to achieve a dynamic balance among project objectives, participant capabilities, risk control and compliance requirements. Project parties should conduct scientific research and judgment, make flexible choices, ensure the efficient progress of projects through rational mode design, and support the high-quality development of the new energy industry.
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